Introduction
Russia is a multinational state, which is reflected in its Constitution. More than 180 peoples live on its territory, including not only indigenous small and autochthonous peoples of the country.
In 2010, Russians made up 77.71% of the population — 111.0 million out of 142.9 million people, representatives of other nationalities and persons who did not indicate nationality made up just over 22.2% of the population — 31.8 million people. The peoples and ethnogroups of Russia according to the All-Russian Census of 2010 are more than 194 nationalities [5].
The preservation of the linguistic, cultural and spiritual heritage of each people of the Russian Federation is an important task, since ethnic diversity forms a unique bright palette of our multinational country. The fulfillment of this task has become the leading idea of national and cultural associations of various ethnic groups living in Russia.
Since the turn of the 1980s - 1990s, national cultural associations have become an integral part of society, without which it is difficult to imagine the realization of the ethnic interests of the citizens of our country. National cultural associations also perform many useful and relevant functions, such as the preservation of national identity in the context of globalization, ethnic socialization, the formation of the foundations of ethnic tolerance, etc. [6, p.32]
The appearance of a large number of voluntary social formations today gives reason to consider them as a real social force with qualitative features of self-movement, self-development, self-organization.
Structurally, the work consists of an introduction, the main part, a conclusion, and a list of references.
1. Stages of formation of NPOs
In the history of the development of national cultural associations of modern Russia, four stages of the formation of national cultural associations can be distinguished, where the main boundaries are the most important political events of the country, the most important political decisions, or the adoption of legislative acts regulating the activities of national cultural associations and of fundamental importance to their representatives.
The first stage of the formation of NGOs (late 1980s - 1991) is determined by the adoption of the USSR Law "On Public Associations" [3, Chapter 2, Article 8] and its entry into force, as well as the collapse of the USSR and the emergence of modern Russia — the Russian Federation. The peculiarity of this stage was that the first NGOs acted as informal associations, since the relevant legislative framework simply did not exist yet[7].
In addition, the activities of the first NGOs were associated with many difficulties, primarily due to the uncertainty of the goals and objectives of their activities, lack of experience in national cultural work, experience of interaction with authorities, etc.
The second stage (1991-1996) is the time of adoption of the most important legislative acts regulating the activities of NGOs.
In October 1990, the USSR Law "On Public Associations" was adopted, which entered into force on January 1, 1991. From now on, NGOs (which, we note, are essentially public associations) could undergo state registration and, thereby, receive official status[7].
According to the law, the creation of a public association required the initiative of at least ten citizens, who were to hold a constituent congress (conference) or general meeting, adopt the charter and choose the governing bodies. After the collapse of the USSR, the law "On Public Associations" continued to operate until 1995, when it was replaced by the law of the same name, but already in modern Russia. The new Law "On Public Associations" of 1995 he became more thorough, because he considered in detail the process of creation, activity, reorganization and liquidation of public associations and excluded the shortcomings of the previous law. It should be particularly noted that the law reserves the right for public associations to be informal, i.e. allows their activities without state registration. However, without passing the state registration, the association does not receive the status of a legal entity, and therefore cannot own property, bear rights and obligations, and act on its behalf in court. The procedure for state registration of a public association includes registration with accounting state bodies, as well as tax and other regulatory authorities.
2. Prerequisites for the formation of an ethnic group
The main prerequisites for the formation of an ethnic group are[5]:
- The presence of a territory on which an ethnic group will be formed. However, this aspect is important only at the first stage of ethnogenesis, since a people with a strong national identity can survive even without having a separate territory of residence and its own statehood. An example of such preservation is the Jews, who have survived as a separate people, despite the long-term absence of their statehood and living in the diaspora.
3. Forms of ethnic organizations in the Russian Federation
In the process of the historical development of mankind, such main forms of ethnic organizations as the genus, tribe, nationality and nations gradually formed, which differ among themselves in terms of the level of development of culture, knowledge, etc. The tribe implies a specific type of community of ethnic character, which was based on blood kinship and was predominant during the primitive communal system[6].
The tribe consisted of several clans and clans that were co-descended from one ancestor. People united into tribes on the basis of common primitive religious beliefs, such as fetishism, totemism, magic, and also due to the existence of a single spoken dialect.
The main form of economic activity at that time was hunting and gathering. In the future, the tribe was replaced by the next, higher form of ethnos - nationality.
A nationality is a special type of community, which is characterized not by blood kinship, but by territorial unity and which is inherent in the period of the disintegration of the tribal structure. The birth of the state played a decisive role in the transformation of the union of tribes into a nation. Thanks to the formation of states, different territories began to unite, and a close connection between people and ethnic groups was established[6].
The main difference between the nationality and the tribal organization was the presence of a higher level of economic development and folklore (folk) culture, which manifested itself in the form of myths, legends, tales, etc. In addition, the nationality is characterized by the presence of an established written language, religious consciousness, and institutions of power.
Conclusion
An ethnic group can be called a community of people who have a strong national identity, their own separate territory, as well as mental, cultural, linguistic and everyday differences from other ethnic groups. Ethnic identity is a product of the formation of an ethnos, while also acting as an important factor in determining the nationality of a particular person or group of persons. I
n addition, it is self-consciousness that unites all representatives of a certain ethnic group into one whole, distinguishing a particular people from the mass of all other peoples.
National-cultural associations began to form at the turn of the 1980s - 1990s and were inextricably linked with the political, economic and social transformations taking place in the USSR.
The global changes of the mid-1980s caused a surge of ethnic consciousness among representatives of many peoples who are in an ethnic minority on their territory. In the sphere of interethnic relations, there has also been a change of priorities and principles, which can be described as a departure from the principles of internationalism, which was the basis of national policy.
With the beginning of democratic transformations, representatives of various ethnic groups began to revive interest in their distinctive national culture, traditions, customs, and native language. The activation of ethnic sentiments marked the beginning of the institutionalization of national movements — the emergence of the first national and cultural associations, and this process was initially spontaneous and turbulent.
